(1) H. LECLERC, D.A.A. MOSSEL / Microbiologie, le tube digestif l'eau et les aliments / 1989 Paris / Doin Editeurs / ISBN 2-7040-0590-7 / P 535

(2) A. EYQUEM, J. ALOUF, L. MONTAGNIER / Traité de microbiologie clinique / PICCIN / Padoue / 1998 / ISBN 88-299-1317-0 / P 1596

(3) P. SINGLETON, D. SAINSBURY / Dictionary of Microbiology and molecular biology / 2nd Edition / 1978 / Wiley / ISBN 04-71911143 / P 1019

(4) A.FERRON / Bactériologie médicale à l'usage des étudiants en médecine / 1992 / 14ème édition / Edition C & R / ISBN 285510-035-6 / P 472

(5) T. EBERLIN / Les infections microbiennes / Tome 1 Agents infectieux / NATHAN Université / 1997 Paris / ISBN 2-09-190461 - 9 / Paris/ P 128

(6) T. EBERLIN / Les infections microbiennes / Tome 2 Physiopathologie / 1997 Paris / NATHAN Université / ISBN 2-09-190492 - 9 / P 128

(7) A. RADANIELA / Légionelloses : à propos de deux cas récents dans un service de Pneumologie / Thèse de doctorat en Médecine / 1999 / n°115 / P 65

(8) P. SINGLETON / Bactériologie 2ème cycle / 1999 / 4ème Edition / DUNOD/ ISBN 2-10-004273-4 / Paris / P415

(9) P. BERCHE, J-L. GAILLARD, M. SIMONET / Bactériologie Les bactéries des infections humaines / 1989 / Paris / Médecine-Sciences Flammarion / ISBN 2-257-10489-7 / P 660

(10) J. RICHARD / Surveillance et prévention des Légionelloses en France / Thèse de doctorat pharmacie / Aix-Marseille II / 2001

(11) LAVOISIER / Gestion du risque lié aux légionelles / 2002 / Edition Tec & Doc / Conseil supérieur d'hygiène publique de France / ISBN 2-743005483

(12) www.labacterie.com (Xavier CAYER-BARRIOZ)

(13) MP. BARTHET / Bilan d'une étude multicentrique française des légionelloses : aspects cliniques, place parmi les pneumopathies infectieuses de l'adulte / Thèse de doctorat en Médecine / 1985 / Toulouse / P 127

(14) S. RIFFARDS / Détection, identification, épidémiodes Légionelle pour amplification génétique / Thèse doctorat universitaire mention écologie microbienne / 1997 / Université Clermont-Bernard Lyon I / P 285

(15) Legionella et tours aéroréfrigérantes / Guide des bonnes pratiques / Ministère de l'emploi et de la solidarité, Ministère de l'économie des finances et de l'industrie, Ministère de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'environnement / Juin 2001 / P 67

(16) WOESE, C. R. / 1987 / Bacterial evolution. Microbiol. Rev. / P 51:221- 271.

(17) FRY, N. K., S. WARWICK, N. A. SAUNDERS and T. M. EMBLEY / 1991 / The use of 16 S ribosomal RNA analysis to investigate the phylogeny of the family Legionellaceae / J. Gen. Microbiol. / P 137: 1215- 1222.

(18) BROWN, A., G. M. GARRITY and R. M. VICKERS / 1981 / Fluoribacter dumoffii (BRENNER et al. ) comb. Nov. And Fluoribacter gormanii (MORRIS et al. ) comb. Nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol / P 31: 111- 115.

(19) GARRITY, G. M., A. BROWN and R. M. VICKERS / 1980 / Tatlockia and Fluoribacter: two new genera of organisms resembling Legionella pneumophila. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol / P 30 : 609- 614.

(20) GARRITY, G. M., E. M. ELDER, B. DAVIS, R. M. VICKERS and A. BROWN / 1982 / Serological and genotypic diversity among serogroup 5- reacting environmental legionella isolates / J. Clin. Microbiol / P 15: 646- 653

(21) BRENNER, D. J. / 1986 / Classification of Legionellaceae. Current status and remaining questions / Isr. J. Med. Sci / P 22: 620- 632.

(22) BRENNER, D. J., A. G. STEIGERWALT, P. EPPLE, W. F. BIBB, R. M. MCKINNEY, R. W. STARNES, J. M. COLVILLE, R. K. SELANDER, P. H. EDELSTEIN and C. W. MOSS / 1988 / Legionella pneumophila serogroup Lansing 3 isolated from a patient with fatal pneumonia and descriptions of L. pneumophila subsp. L. pneumophila subsp. nov., L. pneumophila subsp. fraseri subsp. nov. , and L. pneumophila subsp. pascullei subsp / nov. J. Clin. Microbiol / P 26: 1695- 1703.

(23) LUDWIG W and A STACKEBRANDT / 1983 / A phylogenetic analysis of legionella Arch microbiol / P135: 45-50.

(24) PITTMAN, K. F., C. A WALCZAK and C. M. LOCK / 1991 / Codes and abbreviations for approved or effectively published names of genera of bacteria published from january 1980 to december 1990 / Int J Syst Bactériol / P 41: 571-579.

(25) BRENNER D J, A G STEIGERWALT, P EPPLE, W F BIBB, R M MCKINNEY, R W STARNES, J M COLVILLE, R K SELANDER, P H EDELSTEIN and C W MOSS / 1988 / Legionella pneumophila serogroup lansing 3 isolated from a patient with fatal pneumonia and descriptions of L. Pneuphila subsp L. Pneumophila subsp. Nov. L. Pneumophila subsp. Fraseri subsp. Nov and L. Pneumophila subsp. Pascullei subsp nov / J. Clin. Microbiol / P 26: 1695-1703.

(26) FRY N K, S WARWICK, N A SAUNDERS AND T M EMBLEY / 1991 / The use of 16 S ribosomal RNA analysis to investigate the phylogeny of the family Legionellaceae / J. Gen. Microbiol / P 137: 1215-1222.

(27) HARRISON T. G. and N. A. SAUNDERS / 1994 / Taxonomy and typing of legionellae / Rev. Med Microbiol / P 5: 79-90.

(28) H. LECLERC, D. A. A. MOSSEL / Microbiologie, le tube digestif l'eau et les aliments / 1989 Paris / Doin Editeurs / ISBN 2-7040-0590-7 / P 535.

(29) A. EYQUEM, J ALOUF, L MONTAGNIER / Traité de microbiologie clinique / Piccin / Padoue / 1998 / ISBN 88-299-1317-0 / P 1596.

(30) ADELEKE A / 1996 / Legionella-like amoebal pathogens-phylogenetic status and possible role in respiratory disease / Emerging Infect. Dis / 2 : July-September.

(31) ARMON, R. and P. PAYMENT / 1990 / A transparent medium for isolation of legionella pneumophila from environmental water sources / J. Microbiol. Methods / P 11: 65-71.

(32) FLIERMANS C. B., R. J. SORACCO and H. D. POPE / 1981 / Mesure of legionella pneumophila activity in situ / Curr Microbiol / P 6: 89-94.

(33) WADOWSKY, R.M., R WOLFORD, A. M. MCNAMARA and R.B. YEE / 1985 / Effect of temperature, pH, and oxygene level on the multiplication of naturally occurring L.pneumophila in potable water / Appl. Environ. Microbiol / P 49: 1197-1205.

(34) WILKINSON H. W., V. DRASAR, W. L. THACKER, R. F. BENSON, J. SCHINDLER, B. POTUZNIKOVA, W. R. MAYBERRY and D. J. BRENNER / 1988 / Legionella moravica sp nov. And Legionella brunensis sp. Nov isolated from cooling tower water / Ann. Inst. Pasteur/Microbiol / P 139 : 393-402.

(35) WINN, W.C. / 1998 / Légionnaires disease : historical perspective / Clin. Microbiol. Rev. / P 1 : 60-81

(36) DENNIS, P.J., D. GREEN and B.P.C. JONES / 1984 / A note on the temperature tolerance of Legionella / J. Appl. Bacteriol. / P 56: 349 - 350

(37) HERNANDEZ, J. F., J. M. DELATTRE and C. OGER / 1983 / Thermosrésistance des Legionella / Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur) / P 134: 421-427

(38) FLERMANS, C.B. / 1984 / ¨Philosophical ecology: Legionella in historical perspective/ in C. Thornsberry, A. BALOWS, J.C. FEELEY and W. JAKUBOWSKI (ed.) / Legionella: Proceeding of the 2nd International Symposium / American Society for Microbiology / Washington D.C. / P 285-289

(39) ROGERS, J., A.B. DOWSETT, P.J. DENNIS, J.V. LEE and C.W. KEEVIL / 1994 / Influence of temperature and plumbing material selection on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable water system containing complex microbial flora / Appl. Environ. Microbiol. / P 60: 1585 - 1592

(40) WIREMAN, J.W., A. SCHIMDT, C.R. SCAVO and D.T. HUTCHINS / 1993 / Biofilm formation by Legionella pneumophila in a model domestic hot water system / In J.M. BARBARRE, R.F. BREIMAN and A.P. DUFOUR (ed.) / Legionella : Current status and emerging perspectives / American Society for Microbiology / Washington D.C. / P 213-234

(41) OTT, M., P. MESSNER, J. HEESEMANN, R. MARRE and J. HACKER / 1991 / Temperature-dependant expression of flagella in Legionella / J. Gen. Microbiol. / P 137: 1955-1961

(42) BOSSHARDT, S.C., R.F. BENSON and B.S. FIELD / 1997 / Flagella are a positive predictor for virulence in Legionella / Microb. Pathog. / P 23: 107-112

(43) ELLIOTT, J.A. and W. JOHNSON / 1982 / Virulence conservation of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 by passage in guinea pigs and embryonated eggs / Infect. Immun. / P 35: 943-946

(44) MERRIAM, J. J., R. MATHUR, R. MAXFIELD-BOUMIL and R.R. ISBERG / 1997 / Analysis of the Legionella pneumophila flil gene: intercellular growth of a defined mutant defective for flagellum biosynthesis / Infect. Immun. / P 65: 2497-2501

(45) PRUCKLER, J.M., R.F. BENSON, M. MOYENUDDIN, W.T. MATIN and B.S. FIELD / 1995 / Association of flagellum expression and intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila / Infect. Immun. / P 63: 4928-4932

(46) BOPP, C. A., J.W. SUMMER, G.K. MORRIS and J.G. WELLS / 1981 / Isolation of Legionella spp from environmental water samples by low-pH treatment and use of a selection medium / J. Clin. Microbiol. / P 13:714-719

(47) EDELSTEIN, P.H. / 1982 / Comparative study of selective media for isolation of Legionella pneumophila from potable water / J. Clin. Microbiol. / P 16: 697-699

(48) DUKTA, B.J. / 1994 / Sensitivity of L.pneumophila to sunlight in fresh and marine water/ Appl. Environ. Microbiol. / P 48:970-974

(49) TULLY, M. / 1993 / A Legionella plasmid mediates resitance to UV ligth but not to solar radiation / In J.M. BARBAREE, R.F. BREIMAN and A.P. DUFOUR (ed.) / Legionella: Current status and emerging perspectives / American Society for Microbiology / Washington D.C. / P 120-124

(50) KUSNETSOV, J.M., P.J. KESKITALO, H.E. AHONEN, A.L. TULKKI, I. T. MIETTINEN and P.J. MARTIKAINEN / 1994 / Growth of Legionella and other heterotrophic bacteria in a circulating cooling water system exposed to ultraviolet irradiation / J. Appl. Bacteriol. / P 77: 461-466

(51) MAKIN, T. and C.A. HART / 1993 / Efficacy of UV radiation foreradicating Legionella pneumophila from a shower / In J.M. BARBAREE, R.F. BREIMAN end A.P. DUFOUR (ed.) / Legionella: Current status and emerging perspectives / American Society for Microbiology / Washington D.C. / P 255-258

(52) STRUENLENS, M.J., F.ROST, N. MAES, A.MAAS and E. SERRUYS / 1993 / Control of nosocomial legionellosis based on water system disinfection by heat and UV ligth: a four-year evaluation / In J.M. BARBAREE, R.F. BREIMAN end A.P. DUFOUR (ed.) / Legionella: Current status and emerging perspectives / American Society for Microbiology / Washington D.C. / P 253-254

(53) FARR, B.M., J.C. GRATZ, J.C. TARTAGLINO, S.I. GETCHELL-WHITE and D.H.M. GROSCHELL / 1988 / Evaluation of ultra violet ligth for disinfection of hospital water contaminated with Legionella / The Lancet. / II : P 669-672

(54) BARBAREE, J.M., A. SANCHEZ and G.N. SANDEN / 1983 / Toleranceof Legionhella species to sodium chloride / Curr. Microbiol. / 9: P 1-5

(55) CATRENICH, C.E. and W. JOHNSON / 1989 / Characterization of the selective inhibition of growth of virulent Legionella pneumophila by supplement Mueller-Hinton medium / Infect Immun. / 57: P 1862-1864

(56) SADOSKY, A.E., L.A. WIATER and H.A. SHUMAN / 1993 / Identification of Legionella pneumophila genes required for growth within and killing of human macrophages / Infect. Immun. / 61: P 5361-5373

(57) O'CONNEL, W.A., E.K. HICKEY and N.P. CIANCIOTTO / 1996 / A Legionella pneumophila gene that have not been associated with disease / Infect. Immun. / 64: P 4381-4384

(58) STOUT, J.E., V.L. YU and M.G. BEST / 1985 / Ecology of Legionella pneumophila within water distribution systems / Appl. Environ. Microbiol. / 49: P 221-228

(59) KRAMER, M.H.J. and T.E. FORD / 1994 / Legionellosis: ecological factors of an environmentally new disease / Zbl. Hyg. / 30: P 2084-2087

(60) STEELE, T.W. / 1993 / Interactions between soil amoebe and soil Legionellae / In J.M. BARBAREE, R.F. BREIMAN and A.P. DUFOUR (ed.) / Legionella: Current status and emerging perspectives / American Societyfor Microbiology / Washington D.C. / P 140-142

(61) HARF, C., H. MONTEIL and M. VETTER / Year. Relations amibes libres-Legionella dans l'environnement / Colloque Legionella / Lyon, France / P 139-143

(62) FIELDS, B.S., S.R. UTLEY FIELDS, J.N. CHIN LOY , E.H. WHITE, W.L. STEFFENS and E.B. SHOTTS / 1993 : Attachment and entry of Legionella pneumophila in Hartmannella vermiformis / J. Infect. Dis. / 167: P 1146-1150

(63) BARBAREE, J.M., B.S. FIELDS, J.C. FEELEY, G.W. GORMAN and W.T. MARTIN / 1986 / Isolation of protozoa from water associated with a Legionellosis outbreak and demonstration of intracellular multiplication of Legionella / appl. Environ. Microbiol. / 51: P 422-424

(64) FIELDS, B.S., J.M. BARBAREE, E.B. SHOTTS, J.C. FEELEY, W.E. MORRIL, G.N. SANDEN and M.J. DYKYSTRA / 1986 / Comparaison of guinea pig and protosoan models for determinig virulence of Legionella species / Infect. Immun. / 53: P 553-559

(65) HAY, J., D.V. SEAL, B. BILLCLIFFE and J.H. FREER / 1995 / Non-culturable Legionella pneumophila associated with Acanthamoeba castellanii: detcetion of the bacterium using DNA amplification and hybridization / J. Appl. Bacteriol. / 78: P 61-65

(66) SANDEN, G.N., W.E. MORRIL, B.S. FIELDS, R.F. BREIMAN and J.M. BARBAREE / 1992 / Incubation of water samples containing amoebae improves detection of Legionella by the culture method / Appl. Environ. Microbiol. / 58: P 2001-2004

(67) SMITH-SOMERVILLE, H.E., V. BUTZ HURYN, C. WALKER and A.L. WINTERS / 1991 / Survival of Legionella pneumophila in the cold water ciliate Tetrahymena vorax / Appl. Environ. Microbiol. / 57: P 2742-2749

(68) NAHAPETIAN, K., O. CHALLEMEL, D. BEURTIN, S. DUBROU, P. GOUNON and F. SQUINAZI / 1991 / The intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila in protozoa from hospital plumbing system / Res. Microbiol./ 142: P 677-685

(69) BERENDT, R.F. / 1981 / Influence of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) on survival Legionella pneumophila in aerosols / Infect. Immun. / 32: P 690-692

(70) POPE, D.H., R.J. SORACCO, H.K. GILL and C.B. FLIERMANS / 1982 / Growth of Legionella pneumophilia in two-membered cultures with green algaae and cyanobacteria / Curr. Microbiol. / 7: P 319-322

(71) BOHACH, G.A. and I.S. SNYDER / 1983 / Characterization of surfaces involved in adherence of Legionella pneumophila to Fiscerella species / Infect. Immun. / 42: P 318-325

(72) KRAMER, M.H.J. and T.E. FORD / 1994 / Legionellosis: ecological factors of an environmentally news disease / Zbl. Hyg. / 195: P 470-482

(73) GOMEZ-LUS, R., E. LOMBA, P. GOMEZ-LUS, M.S. ABARCA, S. GOMEZ-LUS, A.MARTINEZ, E.DURAN and M.C. RUBIO / 1993 : In vitro antagonistic activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Aeromonas spp. Against Legionella spp. / In J.M. BARBAREE, R.F. BREIMAN and A.P. DUFOUR (ed.) / Legionella: Current status and emerging perspectives / American Societyfor Microbiology / Washington D.C. / P 265-267

(74) PASZKO-KOLVA, C., P.A. HACKER, M.H.STEWART and R.L. WOLFE / 1993 / Inhibitory effect of heterotrophic bacteria on the cultivation of Legionella dumoffii / In J. M. BARBAREE, R.F. BREIMAN and A.P. DUFOUR (ed.) / Legionella: Current status and emerging perspectives / American Societyfor Microbiology / Washington D.C. / P 203-205

(75) FREMY D et M / Quid 2002 / Robert Laffont / 2001

(76) Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire / Weekly epidemiological record n°43 / 27 octobre 2000 /

(77)BARTHET Marie Pierre épouse de HEREDIA / Thèse de doctorat en
médecine:Bilan d'une étude multricentrique française des légionelles:
aspects cliniques, place parmi les pneumopathies infectieuses de l'adulte /
23 avril 1985

(78)www.cdc.gov/

(79)Paul Roche, Jenean Spencer, Ming Lin, Heather Gidding, Martyn Kirk,
Margo Eyeson-Annan, Alison Milton, David Witteveen, Angela Merianos
/Australia's notifiable diseases status/ Annual report of the National
Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System /Communicable Diseases Intelligence
Vol 25 No 4 / 1999

(80)An overview of the communicable disease situation in Singapore, 2000
www.env.gov.sg/cop/qed5/chap1_00.pdf

(80) IASR Infections Agents Surveillance Report / A fatal newborn case of
Legionella pneumophila pneumoniae occuring after water birth in a bathtub
with an all day circulating system / June 1999 / Nagota city
http://idsc.nih.go.jp/iasr/21/247/de2474.html